Which coffee maker is best for home: review of popular models

What is a coffee maker?

A coffee maker is a semi-automatic device for preparing a drink by brewing without the need to boil water in a separate container .

The main function of the product is to heat water to a predetermined temperature and pass it through crushed coffee beans, during which the liquid is enriched with the aromatic and taste qualities of the powder, turning into a rich drink .

The brewing process in different devices occurs in its own way : in some, hot water is supplied under pressure, and in others, ground coffee in a filter is poured with boiling water.

Important! A coffee maker and a coffee machine are fundamentally different devices, despite the fact that many use these names as synonyms.

What is a carob coffee maker, types of carob coffee makers

The main feature of any carob coffee maker, SUDDENLY, is the presence of a “horn”. To put it simply, it is a handle, at the end of which there is a round filter holder where a coffee tablet is placed.

Primary, home class: filter diameter 50-54 mm.

The first and main parameter by which carob coffee makers are divided into subclasses and by which one must choose is the pressure developed and the method of achieving it.

1. Pumpless, also known as boiler coffee makers - they do not have any device that increases the pressure of boiling water. They have a metal boiler with a heating element into which water is poured. When boiling, steam forces water through the valve into the horn. The pressure in such coffee makers is usually around 2-4 bar, and it cannot be higher purely by design.

For canonical espresso, the water pressure in the brewing group should be 8-9 bar. Accordingly, pumpless carob coffee makers, in principle, cannot make proper espresso, and are designed to brew something between a strong Americano and the product of a geyser coffee maker.

This type is the only exception to the “carob coffee maker specializes in espresso” rule. I believe that buying such equipment is a serious compromise that has its place, but it is better to avoid it if possible. Examples of such devices: Scarlett SC-037 (review), Redmond RCM-1502 (review), Polaris PCM-4002A (review).

2. Pump carob coffee makers , in which the pressure in the coffee tract and brewing chamber is ensured by the operation of a water pump. Based on the type of pump, these coffee makers are divided into two more subclasses:

Home/household/primary/middle class. Sign: use of a vibration pump in the design. In such pumps, water is pumped by the method of “oscillation” (movement) of a piston in a magnetic harness up and down (or left and right). Such pumps are used in all home coffee makers and coffee machines for at least 5 (for example, Vitek VT-1511), at least for 200 thousand rubles (for example, Jura Z6). They have a specific disadvantage: the pressure developed by the oscillation method is discrete, it is not strictly uniform. But such pumps are cheap and compact. For a beginner, the downside of vibration pumps is almost invisible. If only because in this class of devices this is far from the only “simplification” used in espresso coffee makers, and compared to the rest it is not something particularly critical.
Professional/Commercial/Industrial Grade. Feature: used in the design of a rotary pump. In them, the motor turns the impeller, which scoops and pushes water further along the hydraulic circuit, and at a constant speed. Therefore, the pressure is stable and uniform. Pressure uniformity is one of the important parameters that positively influences the final taste of espresso. Such pumps are noticeably more expensive and physically larger; accordingly, they are used in heavy, professional carob coffee makers for use in coffee shops, restaurants, etc. A typical example is Nuova Simonelli Appia II. It is clear that perfectionists among coffee lovers use professional single-point horns at home as well.

3. An extremely professional subclass of carob coffee makers, divided into a separate class - lever coffee makers. In these horns, pressure is achieved and adjusted by the user by pressing down on a large, mechanical lever with his hand. They provide very fine “tuning” of the extraction process, but require maximum skills from the barista. Espresso coffee makers with the least degree of process automation. I’ll say right away that in light of the unusually low popularity and prevalence of lever coffee makers, I will not dwell in more detail on this class, but for clarity, I will insert an excerpt from the film “Live and Let Die”, where Roger Moore in the role of James Bond brews coffee on a lever La Pavoni Europicolla:

I also warn you that the subclass of professional/commercial horns is worthy of a separate material, which will be written sometime later (in which case a link will appear here). And I will dwell in more detail on the class of home/beginner carob-type coffee makers.

Kinds

The modern market for household goods offers several types of coffee makers, differing from each other in operating principle, functionality and appearance.

Carob

An electric carob-type coffee maker is designed for preparing espresso and drinks based on it with the addition of milk or cream .
A distinctive feature of the device is the presence of a holder in which ground coffee is placed for further brewing of the drink.

This device has a compact size and reasonable price; it can prepare a delicious drink in 2 minutes, and is also easy to use .

Electric geysers

An apparatus for brewing coffee by filtering using an electric heater. The advantages of geyser coffee makers include capacity, no need to control the brewing process, rich taste of the finished drink and maintaining the temperature of freshly brewed coffee .

Attention! Using a geyser coffee maker, you can prepare regular black coffee, tea or herbal infusion, so the device is suitable for a family where everyone likes to drink different drinks.

Slab geysers

A budget device in the form of an octagon for brewing a drink on a gas stove.
A geyser stovetop coffee maker is convenient and easy to use , since to prepare a coffee drink, the user only needs to fill the reservoir with water and ground coffee, and then place the device on the stove and remove from the heat after the prepared coffee begins to make a hissing sound.

Turk

A traditional vessel with a thick, wide bottom and a funnel-shaped narrow neck. Turka is very popular among true gourmets because it allows you to prepare classic coffee on a gas stove without much effort, it is considered durable, wear-resistant and inexpensive .

Electric Turk

An improved apparatus that simplifies the brewing process and prepares the drink with minimal human intervention . In appearance, the electrical appliance resembles a small electric kettle and is almost no different from it in its operating principle.

By the way! Many models of electric turks have advanced functionality. A modern device can be equipped with several heating modes, an automatic shut-off function and a foam rise sensor.

Chaldovaya

A device for brewing coffee using disposable filter paper bags containing pressed or loose coffee .
The pod coffee maker is designed on the principle of a carob-type machine. The main difference is in the design of the horn : in the pod model, the filter holder is wide and flat, it holds only one bag of ground coffee, designed to prepare one serving of the drink.

Drip

An electric drip coffee maker is one of the most common devices for making coffee at home . To brew the drink, the container is filled with the required amount of water, and ground grains are poured into a special reservoir.

After turning on the device, the liquid heats up, passes through the crushed beans and exits into a separate container for the finished coffee.

For your information! A drip coffee maker prepares only one type of drink – Americano.

Capsule

Capsule coffee makers are leaders in the speed and convenience of preparing an aromatic drink from natural ground coffee, packaged in portioned containers .

The brewing process is carried out automatically: the user places a closed capsule in the coffee maker, presses the power button and within a minute the drink is poured into the cup.

After brewing, all the coffee grounds remain in the capsule, so the owner of the electrical appliance does not need to clean it - just throw away the used container.

French press

A French press is a cylindrical device for preparing coffee drinks, tea or herbal infusions by infusion..

Important! The design is made of glass that is resistant to high temperatures, it is reliable, easy to maintain and use.

Electric coffee makers

Electrical appliances are more expensive, but benefit in functionality. Depending on the design, some models pour boiling water over ground grains in a strainer, while in others water is supplied under pressure. The market is represented by the following types of electric coffee makers:

Carob or holder

This type of machine prepares espresso, as well as drinks containing it: cappuccino, latte, Viennese coffee, macchiato. To prepare coffee, the device uses a special horn (holder), which is filled with ground beans, and then hot water is forced under pressure through a layer of coffee powder. The coffee maker is compact, inexpensive, prepares a cup of drink in 2 minutes, and is easy to clean. As an additional function, some models may have a cappuccino maker - a device for frothing milk.

Geysernaya

Based on the principle of operation, the model is similar to a non-electric coffee pot, only it is additionally equipped with a heating element. It is spacious and equipped with a timer, which allows you to control the brewing process. If necessary, the device can maintain the temperature of the drink for 30 minutes. The coffee turns out aromatic and rich. The device is suitable for different purposes: you can also brew tea and herbs in it.

Electric Turk

The Turk is a new type, in appearance it resembles a regular electric kettle and functions in approximately the same way. An excellent alternative for those who do not know how to choose a simple and inexpensive coffee maker for their home . Human participation in the cooking process is minimal. Electric Turks of different models are equipped with additional functions, which makes working with them easier:

several heating modes;
foam rise sensor;
automatic shutdown sensor.

This model will allow you to quickly brew traditional coffee in automatic mode without disturbing the technology.

Chaldovaya

The device works like a carob device with the difference that the coffee is not poured into the holder, but placed in a disposable filter bag. Moreover, the holder of the pod unit holds one package at a time and prepares one portion.

Hermetically sealed coffee, which is used in such devices, retains its aroma for a long time, so the drink has excellent taste characteristics.

As a drawback in their reviews, users note the need to use special filter packages, the range of which for individual models is limited due to the manufacturer. In addition, the price of coffee in pods is higher than that of ground or beans.

Drip

The filter type coffee maker is the most common among home models. It is easy to care for and reasonably priced. To prepare coffee, water is poured into the boiler, and ground beans are poured into a special compartment with a filter. The heated water is fed drop by drop into the filter, and then into the vessel for the finished drink, which stands on the heating element. Coffee prepared in this way is called Americano. It is not strong and the aroma is not very pronounced, but it is loved all over the world.

Capsule

The fastest and most convenient process for making coffee is the capsule type. A capsule with ground beans is loaded into the device. The further process is fully automated, like a coffee machine; just press the “Start” button and in a minute you will get hot natural coffee. The used capsule must then be removed and disposed of. It’s very convenient because you don’t need to clean anything.

Before purchasing, you should familiarize yourself with the range of capsules that the manufacturer provides and choose the one that suits you. Some companies offer capsules with tea and chocolate in addition to coffee.

Criteria

The issue of choosing this device must be decided taking into account important parameters and criteria indicating high quality and reliability.
The choice is also based on such indicators as the number of family members drinking coffee drinks, ease of operation and preparation, quality of the finished coffee and cost of the device .

Number of family members

A compact coffee maker with a small water tank can be used by families with no more than three coffee drinkers. For families where 4-5 people regularly drink invigorating drinks, it is worth choosing a more spacious model . In this case, a drip-type device would be a good option.

Attention! For home use, a 500 ml model is usually sufficient - it is more economical in terms of coffee powder consumption and electricity consumption.

Difficulty or ease of maintaining the device

Proper care of the appliance and thorough cleaning will prolong its service life, for this reason it is recommended to choose coffee makers that are easy to care for .
In order not to bother yourself, it is better to purchase a French press, a stove-top or electric Turk, but if the need to properly and carefully clean the device does not frighten you, you should pay attention to other, more expensive models.

Easy to prepare drink

The easiest way to brew coffee is in a capsule or pod coffee maker , since these devices use special disposable capsules or bags to prepare the drink. The models are expensive, and in addition, they are designed to use containers with ground coffee from an identical manufacturer, which creates certain difficulties for the user.

By the way! Drip coffee makers and electric turks are also easy to use and do not require much effort to brew coffee or additional financial costs.

Cooking speed

Each type of coffee maker has its own coffee brewing speed.:

carob – 20-30 seconds;
geyser electric – 3-4 minutes;
geyser slab – 6 minutes;
Turk – 7 minutes;
electric Turk – 3 minutes;
pod - 30 seconds;
drip – 1.5 minutes;
capsule – 50-60 seconds;
French press - 6 minutes.

Quality of finished coffee

The taste and aroma of brewed coffee depend not only on the quality of the beans and the degree of grinding, but also on the speed at which liquid passes through the coffee powder . When water seeps through coffee too quickly, it does not have time to enrich the flavors and aromas of the ground beans, resulting in a less rich and tasty drink.

Complexity or simplicity of design and its reliability

All types of coffee makers from trusted and well-known manufacturers are made from high-quality, safe and durable materials, but it would be useful to check the presence of rubberized legs in electric coffee makers and the stability of the body .

For your information! Ordinary Turks and geyser coffee makers have a minimum of parts and a simple design.

Price

The most budget-friendly and inexpensive option for making coffee is a regular pot made of ceramic or copper, which is suitable for a gas stove.
Using such a compact device, you can brew coffee that tastes good on your own, however, users note that it is more convenient to brew the drink in electric coffee makers . Devices powered by electricity are more expensive, but they simplify the cooking process and save time.

Important! If you don’t have much time to prepare coffee, it is better to purchase a drip, carob or capsule coffee maker.

Coffee maker selection options

Power

The speed of preparation of the drink, the strength and volume of the finished product depend on the power. The higher the power rating, the less time it will take to prepare the drink, and its taste will be more intense.

Adviсe!

If you are a lover of especially strong coffee, then choose a machine with a power of over 800 W.

For a large family, or for installation in an office, a device from 1 kW is suitable.

In the case where the speed of obtaining the drink does not matter, it will be enough to buy a device with a power of 400-500 W.

Pressure

This indicator plays a special role in carob machines, since it affects the speed of production and the strength of coffee.

At a pressure of 5-7 bar, the coffee preparation time is 2-3 minutes. Some manufacturers indicate in their data sheets a possible power of 15-17 bar. In this case, the strong drink will be ready in 30 seconds.

Tank volume

You should also pay attention to the capacity of the water heating chamber. This is especially true for those who drink coffee frequently and in large quantities.

Useful: This parameter is important for geyser-type coffee makers: you cannot fill them with less water than is needed to press through the inner tube.

Offices usually install machines that can dispense at least two liters of coffee at one filling station.
For home use, a model with a volume of 400-500 ml is sufficient, which is more economical in terms of energy consumption and coffee powder consumption.

Popular manufacturers

Many well-known companies specializing in household appliances produce coffee makers for the home. The ranking of the best manufacturers of coffee making equipment includes :

De'Longhi is one of the world's largest manufacturers of household goods.
Polaris is a Russian company engaged in the manufacture of climate control equipment and cookware.
Bosch is a German brand that produces home and kitchen appliances.
Redmond is a leading manufacturer of electronics and household appliances, known throughout the world.
Krups is a German brand that has become famous for producing reliable coffee makers and coffee machines.
Panasonic is a famous Japanese electronics brand.
Kenwood is a company that has been redefining the home kitchen for 70 years.

Capsule coffee makers

Capsule models are multifunctional. They can prepare ristretto, espresso, latte, cappuccino, Americano, as well as cocoa, mochaccino and other recipes. The raw materials used are sealed capsules made of aluminum or plastic with pressed coffee powder inside.

During preparation, machine needles pierce the capsule shell, after which its contents are pressed through with water heated to the desired temperature.

The advantages of capsule models include:

compact dimensions;
ease of use;
variety of designs;
ability to choose coffee recipes;
relatively low price.

There are also some downsides:

each model is adapted for a specific type of capsule;
consumables (capsules) are quite expensive.

Using such coffee makers at home is very convenient, except for the difficulty of finding capsules from the right brand, as well as the cost of purchasing them.

De'Longhi Nespresso Lattissima Touch Animation

Power - 1.4 kW
Volume - 0.9 l
Coffee type - Nespresso capsule

Capsule coffee machine with touch control, designed for preparing 4 recipes for coffee drinks, including automatic cappuccino preparation. The system provides the function of automatic decalcification of water, as well as adjustment of the portion of boiling water dispensed. The control panel is supplemented with a display.

The package includes a compartment for a cord, a container for used capsules (up to 11 pcs), a milk compartment and an adjustable tray. Built-in functions for automatic cleaning of the cappuccino maker, auto shutdown, as well as an alarm about the need to remove scale.

Bosch TAS 1401/1402/1403/1404/1407 Tassimo

Power - 1.3 kW
Volume - 0.7 l
Coffee type - Tassimo capsule

Coffee machine with electronic control and the function of reading barcodes of recipes to recognize the drink. Its capabilities include preparing several recipes for coffee, tea or hot chocolate. The functional panel provides standby and automatic shutdown modes, automatic decalcification, as well as drip collection and stand height adjustment to suit the cup size.

Nespresso C30 Essenza Mini

Power - 1.31 kW
Volume - 0.6 l
Coffee type - Nespresso capsule

Programmable coffee maker with automatic shutdown within 9 minutes after the drink is ready. Equipped with a container for used capsules, a compartment for the power cord, and a removable collection tray for spilled drops.

Price

The price of a coffee maker directly depends on the materials used and design features, the number of functions or operations performed, as well as the brand . If you want to purchase quality products, the consumer should know that:

the cost of budget models is about 3,000 rubles;
devices in the mid-price segment can be purchased for 6,000 rubles;
automatic devices with many additional functions are more expensive - from 9,000 rubles.

Drip

The most common type of coffee maker. To prepare, the container is filled with the required amount of water, and the required amount of coffee is poured into a special reservoir. The process of boiling water is accompanied by passing it drop by drop through the powder, then through a filter the finished drink comes out into a container that is installed on a heating stand. Drip-type technology helps produce a more watery drink at the end, compared to models operating under pressure, so the purchase of such a device is most justified for lovers of traditional “Americano”.

Pros:

acceptable price;
convenience and ease of use.

Minuses:

inability to prepare a strong drink;
duration of the process;
Filters must be constantly changed.

Before choosing a drip coffee maker, pay attention to the power of the household appliance.

It is better to buy a device with low power; it is this property that will ensure longer contact between water and powder, making the drink stronger and more aromatic.

The ability to manually adjust the degree of saturation and protect against overflow will not be superfluous. Filters can be disposable paper or reusable, made from a variety of sustainable materials.

conclusions

Before you go shopping, you should pay attention to the main points :

to minimize your participation in the preparation process, you need to buy an electric coffee maker with a built-in coffee grinder;
a drip coffee maker can quickly brew several servings of coffee at once and is suitable for a large family;
the cost of the device depends on the number of additional functions, which are not always useful and necessary.

When choosing a good coffee maker, it is important to take into account not only its basic technical characteristics, but also personal taste preferences . The drink prepared in different models of coffee makers will vary in taste, strength and aroma, so experts recommend first deciding what kind of coffee you want to drink.

Geyser coffee makers

These models are focused on brewing espresso - brewing ground coffee. Structurally, such a device consists of two tanks, between which a filter component is installed. The lower reservoir is filled with water. Ground beans are poured into the filter, after which the evaporated water from the lower level under pressure passes through the filters with coffee powder and remains in the upper container in finished form. The strength of the drink depends on the speed at which steam passes through the filter compartment.

The advantages of geyser models include:

strength and richness of the drink;
ease of use and maintenance;
compact design;
possibility of brewing tea;
low price.

The disadvantages can be written down:

the need to control the cooking process;
wear of gaskets;
no foam.

A good area of application for this type of coffee maker would be making coffee at home for a family of 2 people - wear and tear will be minimal, and maintenance will not take much time.

KitchenAid 5KCM0812EOB

Power - 1.44 kW
Volume - 1 l
Type of coffee - ground

Geyser model designed for 6-10 coffee cups. An indicator indicating the on state is located on the control panel next to the control of the strength of the finished drink. Users note the transparency of the water compartment - the fill level is always visible and under control. The coffee maker is equipped with a magnetic lock, which further strengthens the compartments in the assembled position.

Rommelsbacher EKO 366/E

Power - 0.356 kW
Volume - 0.35 l
Type of coffee - ground

A small, economical coffee maker for making espresso for 2-3 cups. Once the coffee is ready, the power to the heater is automatically turned off. The case is made of metal, in the lower compartment there is space for storing the network cable (length 70 cm). The electrical circuit is equipped with protection against complete evaporation of water and overheating.

Hotter HX-445

Power - 0.4 kW
Volume - 0.3 l
Type of coffee - ground

Convenient model with a metal compartment for water and a transparent container for the finished drink. The device protection is implemented in the form of automatic shutdown at the end of work.

Drip devices

Braun KF 47

The products are very popular among Russian consumers, largely due to the high quality of workmanship and the use of reliable materials in production. The water tank capacity is 1.25 liters, and the model is equipped with an automatic shut-off function. The heater power when operating at the highest parameters reaches 1 kW. The model is designed in a classic design, the external parameters do not differ at all from the standard ones. The product works with standard paper filters; reusable ones are not included. The controls here are elementary - there is only one physical power button, it is located at the bottom of the front panel. The water tank filling scale is displayed on the front panel, so you can easily see how much liquid is poured into the tank.

At the back of the device you can find a compartment where excess electrical cord is stored. The slot for disposable filters can be easily removed and cleaned of all contaminants. In general, users note a high level of product reliability. The coffee maker is available in two colors – black or white. The coffee brewing method is made using OptiBrew technology: boiling water is fed under high pressure into a special filter, into which ground coffee is poured. The volume of the glass flask is designed for 10 cups of coffee, the lid configuration is well thought out. The warranty period is quite long - two years.

Advantages:

The power of the device is 1000 W;
Water tank capacity 1.25 l;
Anti-drip protection and heating function are provided;
Made exclusively from safe plastic;
All removable parts can be washed in the dishwasher.

Flaws:

Philips HD7457 Daily Collection

This coffee maker allows you to prepare the highest quality coffee with minimal effort and time. The main difference in the design of the device is the presence of a transparent jug into which the brewed coffee goes. Its volume is 1.2 liters, and this part is equipped with an Aroma function and attractive LED lighting, which gives the entire coffee maker additional style and originality. It turns on when the device is activated. In order to determine the amount of water remaining in the device, the developers installed a special LED indicator. Another important quality is the ability to prepare about 10-15 cups of coffee in one go. Even though this device is a drip model, you can use ground coffee.

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The coffee maker is equipped with a permanent filter, but the user can also use disposable parts if necessary. All elements, with the exception of the thermal jug, can be washed both under running water and in the dishwasher.

Advantages:

Quite reasonable cost;
Intuitive controls;
Ease of maintenance and care;
The presence of an automatic heating system for both water and ready-made coffee.

Flaws:

Insufficient information content of the instructions;
The developers did not provide an automatic shutdown function.

Philips HD7457 Daily Collection

Melitta Optima Glass Timer

It is made on the basis of a body made of high-quality plastic, on which various dirt will not be visible, although it is made in white. You can prepare many cups of delicious and aromatic coffee at the same time, because the capacity of the container is more than a liter. In this regard, the device is widely popular not only at home, but also in small cafes. Power consumption is not very high - only 850 W. The overall dimensions are small - 260x340x200 mm, so the coffee maker can be installed even in a small kitchen. In order to make coffee, you need to take carefully ground beans. The device has a special delayed start timer, so even in the evening you can program the cooking time of the product with an accuracy of up to 5 minutes. An automatic shutdown function is also provided here.

Despite the relatively low price, the device has a decalcification function, which, without user intervention, can quickly and effectively clean all the main elements from scale. The model is quite simple to use and is available in two colors – black and white. The coffee maker's water container has well-thought-out ergonomics; moreover, it is designed for the use of 102-size paper filters. Another important quality of the product is the ability to adjust it to a certain water hardness. There are four options for working with this function: depending on the selected parameter, the design itself will determine after what time decalcification should be carried out.

Advantages:

Decent power for a household appliance – 850 W;
High quality components;
There is a built-in timer as well as a clock.

Flaws:

There is no reusable filter.

Melitta Optima Glass Timer

Coffee machine or coffee maker: which is better and why?

Depending on the needs of a person, different types of coffee machines are suitable. A multifunctional machine will allow you to skip visiting coffee shops and brew a wide variety of drinks to suit your taste. The coffee machine is more suitable for those people who do not have time to prepare coffee.

The coffee maker is suitable for connoisseurs of espresso and Americano, and it is several times cheaper than a full-fledged coffee machine. To use a coffee maker, you need a person who will participate in the process of creating the drink.

It’s difficult to say what will be better; the choice is different for each person depending on their skills, desire to experiment and create, and the amount of free time that can be spent on a coffee drink.

Which coffee maker to choose

1. True coffee lovers, as well as all those who like to experiment with different varieties, cannot do without a small electric Turk - maximum 500 ml. It is advisable that it has an automatic shut-off feature, otherwise your coffee will regularly run out.

2. The best option for those who like a weak drink, but consume it in large quantities, are drip or geyser models. Choose the container at your discretion, but the larger it is, the higher the power of the device should be. The only limitation is that for home drip coffee makers it is better not to exceed 750 W.

3. Drip and geyser devices are also suitable for the office, but with an increased volume of the coffee pot: up to 10 liters in the first case and up to 1.3 liters in the second. Here you will need high power and additional functions such as Drop-stop, Auto-heating and Strength control.

4. Lovers of strong espresso should take a closer look at pump-action horn units (possible with a complete cappuccino maker). Although such a device is more expensive than filtration or geyser analogues, it makes coffee quickly and tasty.

5. If funds allow, feel free to buy a capsule coffee machine. Give preference to models from well-known manufacturers, as well as universal devices that can work with several types of pods.

Capsule

It differs from carob in that the resulting steam does not pass through the coffee, but through the capsule itself. This eliminates the need to calculate the ratio of powder to water. The quality of the product from such coffee makers is not inferior to the drink from fully automated coffee machines, while the devices are compact and mobile.

Capsule-type models are highly expensive; in addition, most often they are oriented towards the use of capsules from an identical manufacturer, which creates certain difficulties during operation.