The plot of the series “Eclipse” (2015)
Until the age of seven, Maryana’s life was a series of bright holidays, which were organized by her father, a sailor, when returning from sailing. But one day everything changed: dad stopped coming, remaining forever in another family, and mom married an unloved man in order to provide a comfortable life for herself and her daughter. Maryana immediately disliked her stepfather and stepsister Tanya.
She continued to wait for her own father and believe that someday the holiday would return to her life. And he returned many years later, when Maryana met and fell in love with Dima, who reminded her so much of her father. But, like his father, Dima did not return home one day...
The new betrayal finally brought down Maryana. She could become a faithful wife and a good mother, but she became a ruthless avenger, even ready to kill.
How does coffee biology work?
Taxonomy is actually a classification and systematization in biology. Taxonomy also studies what you call things. The hierarchical principle of plant classification in biology looks like this: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species and, finally, after Species comes variety.
In the coffee industry, the Kingdom is Plantae, the Phylum is Angeosperma, the Class is Asteridae, the Order is Gentianales, the Family is Rubiase, and finally we have a specific and recognizable genus - Coffea. There are dozens of species in Coffea.
Coffee grows throughout Indonesia, Africa and the Indian Ocean.
But the most interesting are the Arabica varieties.
The species Arabica is one of the species within the genus Coffea. Another variety in the coffee industry is Canephora, which we also call Robusta.
Within the Arabica varieties there are different variations.
morphology
When we talk about varieties, it is important to recognize that we are talking about genetic differentiation between different plants.
We are not talking about different individuals with the same genetics, we are talking about different individuals having similar genetic properties.
This makes studying varieties not a particularly exact science; will there be differences across the board?
Ethiopia is the country where coffee has its origins.
Coffee first appeared naturally in this region, becoming a great value in East Africa. It must be emphasized that this is the place where human evolution began.
Thus, coffee and man evolved from the same place. But coffee developed within the dark circle on the map (see below) in southwest Ethiopia. And this is the only place where Arabica coffee evolved.
In this environment, thousands of varieties emerged over time. There is a lot of genetic diversity within the coffee growing there.
In ancient times, before humans invented writing and recorded history, people carried coffee from that forest in Ethiopia to other places in the country.
Because people drank coffee and they liked the properties of coffee as a fruit and they want plants near their houses. It all started this way. People take coffee home and bring it to other places. They took one or two plants and planted it in another place. This process is called genetic narrowing. The emergence of different varieties occurred in this way.
map of Ethiopia, green - coffee growing areas
The green circles on the map are where coffee grows today in Ethiopia. We see that these are approximately the same areas where people grew it in ancient times.
The world map is a reminder that coffee has not stopped spreading after it spread to other regions of Ethiopia.
Someone also brought coffee from eastern Ethiopia to Yemen in ancient times. Later, the Dutch stole some coffee trees from Yemen and planted them on the island of Java. They brought plants from Java to Europe and presented them to the king of France. And there, in a French greenhouse, they planted what they called the Nobel tree, and this was the genetic parent of much of the coffee we know.
spreading coffee around the world
Cuttings and seeds of this plant were planted in other places in the world, especially in the Indian Ocean on the island of Reunion, called Bourbon, in the New World, and from there coffee spread throughout Latin America and back to East Africa, making a circle.
Of the thousands of coffee varieties in Ethiopia, only a small number have spread throughout the world. Today, between two and three thousand varieties exist in Ethiopia, both in the wild and cultivated by people.
Only a few dozen varieties have spread outside of Ethiopia. Many of them are hybrids of the few varieties that were exported from Ethiopia.
How will the series "Eclipse" end?
Maryana comes to her hometown, meets her childhood friend, who has become a policeman, in love with her, and steals his gun. She appears to Tanya and Dima and demands that Dima tell the truth. Dima is arrested. Tanya feels bad, she lost her child. Maryana understands that Tanya is her only loved one.
It turns out that Varshavsky was aware of Maryana’s secret life; she was constantly being followed by the detective whom she had hired earlier. This detective previously served with Varshavsky. Varshavsky suggested that Maryana start over with a clean slate and forget the past. But she chose freedom and returned the coin he gave him.
Source
What is Typica?
There is a common name for the first varieties of coffee that originated in Ethiopia and were planted in Yemen and taken from there to be planted in Java and spread throughout the world. This is Typica. This is the first name used to describe a type of coffee, which comes from the Latin word meaning "common, typical." A type of coffee that has spread everywhere. The big generic name we use for all types of common coffee that are planted around the world.
That is, this is coffee that was planted in Java and Yemen and brought to the New World by the French. We can always recognize the Typica, whose first leaves are bronze in color. Typica also has a graceful coral color on the pointed end of its leaves. This is part of his characterization.
distribution of Typika around the world
There is a town in Brazil called Maragojipe, and in the Typica field the new shoots produced a much larger plant, larger leaves, a larger trunk, and larger fruits, and larger seeds inside those fruits. It's been quite interesting for people growing it because people like anything big.
So they kept him separate from the others and began planting the seeds of this mutant. This was a mutant of the initial Typika. This mutant was named after the place where the coffee was grown, Maragojipe. And we now recognize it as a subspecies of sorts within the Typica family.
Typika
So, Maragojipe is a variation of Typica with large beans, like a large seedling. But otherwise it looks the same and tastes very similar to Typica. Because Typica is the earliest variation of coffee. It is planted throughout the world and is used as a traditional name in much of the earth.
In many places it is simply called Arabigo, as it is related to the Arabica called Qrioio, which means original coffee.
maragogyp
Somewhere coffee is given the name of a village or city.
Other types of Typika:
- Pluma Hidalgo is the name of a city in Mexico.
- San Ramon is the name of Typica grown in Guatemala.
- San Bernardo
- Bergundal/Garundang, the name of Typica, which is grown in Indonesia, comes from the Dutch word Bergundal, which means "mountain and valley".
- Another local Indonesian word of the same kind is Garunda.
- Kents and Chikumalgur are Typica associated with India.
- Jamaica Blue Mountain and Kona are Typica species associated with Jamaica and Hawaii.
So, we see that the Typica coffee variety has traveled around the world and acquired the properties of the places where it is planted.
The emergence of the Timorese hybrid
In 1940, a strange event occurred on the island of Timor in Indonesia. There was a field where there were some types of Arabica and some types of coffee that we call Robusta, which is actually Coffea Canephora.
Timorese hybrid
Typically, these species did not produce a hybrid.
But in this case, for some reason, the reason for which is still unclear to science, they had an individual that had clear characteristics of both the Canephora or Robusta coffee and the Arabica Typica that grew there.
In other words, these two species produced what is called an introspective hybrid, which is a hybrid of these species. This is very unusual and has not happened before and has not happened in the wild in the world since. Thus, this variety became popular because it had the disease-resistant characteristics of Robusta and had some of the good flavor characteristics of Arabica.
Especially in Indonesia, where a specific disease called coffee rust has appeared.
Other farmers heard that it was a disease-resistant type of coffee and they started planting it everywhere.
Timor hybrid is a hybridization event that occurred in late 1940 on the island of Timor and quickly spread throughout the coffee industry, so that by the 1950s and 1960s many hybrid varieties were grown. The quality was consistent with the generally accepted coffee requirements that we have known about since the 1950s and 1960s.
coffee leaves
At first it became the parent of the fragrance, and they decided to cross it with another very productive plant.
As previously mentioned about Caturra, it is compact, easy to work and very productive per hectare.
Thus, the high productivity of Caturra and the very disease-resistant Timor hybrid were combined, when crossed, a very productive and disease-resistant hybrid was obtained.
This variety, a mixture of Caturra and Timor hybrids, was named Catimor.
In the 1950s and 1960s, Catimor began to be planted in all fields.
catimor
Because it was a species that was truly disease resistant and highly productive, which was very beneficial for farmers.
The problem was that the new hybrid still had the persistent problems inherent in the Robusta gene related to flavor.
In this regard, coffee buyers began to try to differentiate between different varieties and varieties, the specialty coffee industry emerged, and coffee buyers began to prefer coffee farms that focused on growing more varieties of coffee and began to pay attention to the ability to distinguish between varieties and varieties.
Old school hybrids:
- Mundo Nuovo (Typica x Bourbon)
- Catuai (Mundo Nuovo x Caturra)
- SL – 28 (Tanganiyka Drought Resistant x Sudan Rimi)
- Pacamara (Pacas Bourbon x Maragojipe)
